Black leaders in Baton Rouge, Louisiana formed the United Defense League (UDL) to protest bus segregation and persuaded thousands of Black residents to boycott buses until an agreed upon compromise was met.
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Nine African American churchgoers were gunned down inside a church in an act of white supremacist terrorism.
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Five-year-old Anthony Quin and his mother and siblings protested against the election of five Mississippi Congressmen from districts where Black people were not allowed to vote. Refused admittance, they sat on the steps and police-instigated mayhem ensued.
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Student-led protests in South Africa that began in response to the introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in local schools.
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Eugene V. Debs made his famous anti-war speech protesting World War I, which was raging in Europe at the time.
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When the Civil Defense Administration attempted to hold a drill simulating a nuclear attack, 27 activists in New York refused to take cover. They handed out pamphlets reading: “We will not obey this order to pretend, to evacuate, to hide... We refuse to cooperate.”
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After decades of protests from activists, the United States announced the end to its bombing exercises in Vieques, Puerto Rico.
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On Flag Day 1943, the Supreme Court invalidated a compulsory flag salute law in public schools and established that students possess some level of First Amendment rights.
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The 14th Amendment to the constitution was passed, granting citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States.”
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The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Mildred and Richard Loving in the historic Loving v. Virginia case.
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Medgar Evers, WWII veteran and civil rights activist, was murdered by a white supremacist in Jackson, Mississippi.
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Paul Robeson testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, where he was questioned about his political speech, associations, and party affiliation.
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Oliver Law became first Black commander of a U.S. army, the integrated Abraham Lincoln Brigade.
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African Ameican residents of Diamond, Louisiana won their relocation fight with Shell Oil.
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More than 100,000 students stayed out of school to protest inequality and segregation in Chicago, Illinois.
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Students for a Democratic Society held its founding convention in Michigan and issued the Port Huron Statement.
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Along the “Trail of Tears” in Neligh, Nebraska, a farmer signed a deed to return ancestral land to the Ponca Tribe.
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Ben Chester White, caretaker on a farm, was brutally murdered by the Ku Klux Klan in Natchez, Mississippi.
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Following months of protests to end segregation, Black residents of Tuscaloosa, Alabama were brutally attacked by police and the Klan inside the First African Baptist Church.
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Joseph N. Welch confronted Sen. Joseph McCarthy about allegations of communists in the U.S. Army.
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